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O Ātman ou Atma (IAST: Ātman, sanscrito: आत्मन्) é um termo filosófico ("O mais elevado príncipio humano,sem forma,o indivisível") utlizado no Hinduismo, especialmente na escola Vedanta, para identificar a alma, seja no sentido global (a alma do mundo) ou individual (alma de uma pessoa). É o verdadeiro eu do indivíduo (por isso é geralmente traduzido para o inglês como 'Self' - "si") além da identificação com a realidade fenomenal da existência mundana.

Etimologia

A palavra ātman é conectada com a raiz indo-europeia *ēt-men (sopro, respiração) e cognata ao inglês antigo "æþm", ao grego "asthma", e ao alemão "Atem": "atmen" (respirar).

Schools of thought

Vedanta

Escolas filosófica como a Advaita (monismo) vêem a alma em cada entidade viva como sendo completamente idêntica com Brahman - a alma que permeia tudo no universo, onde outras escolas como a Dvaita (dualismo) diferenciam entre o atma individual em seres vivos, e o Supremo Atma (Paramatma) como sendo pelo menos parcialmente coisas distintas. Assim, atman se refere à alma individual ou ao ente do observador.

Na filosofia Advaita Vedanta o Atman é o princípio-vital universal, o animador de todos os organismos, a alma vital. Esta visão é semelhante a do penenteísmo (não confundir com panteísmo) e desta forma as vezes não é equiparada a um único deus criador do monoteísmo. A identificação do das almas/entes vivos individuais, ou jiva-atmas, com o 'Atman Uno' é a posição monística do Advaita Vedanta, que é criticada pelo Dvaita Vedanta dualístico/teístico. Dvaita Vedanta calls the all-pervading aspect of Brahman Paramatman quantitatively different from individual Atman and claims reality for both a God functioning as the ultimate metaphorical "soul" of the universe, and for actual individual "souls" as such. The Dvaita, dualist schools, therefore, in contrast to Advaita, advocate an exclusive monotheistic position wherein Brahman is made synonymous with Vishnu. Aspects of both philosophies are found within the schools of Vishishtadvaita Vedanta and Achintya Bheda Abheda.

In some instances both Advaita and Dvaita schools may accommodate the others's belief as a lower form of worship or practice towards the same ultimate goal.

Yoga

In the view of the Yoga school, the highest attainment does not reveal the experienced diversity of the world to be illusion. The everyday world is real. Furthermore, the highest attainment is the event of one of many individual selves discovering itself; there is no single universal self shared by all persons.

Development

The pre-Buddhist Upanishads link the Self to the feeling "I am." Among the religious thinkers of the time, and in common usage, the concept "self" entails the notion of "I am". However, following the Buddha, later Upanishads like the Maitri Upanishad write instead that only the defiled individual self, rather than the universal self, thinks "this is I" or "this is mine", and the even later Mandukya Upanishad, which was written with heavy Buddhist influence, defines the highest state to be absolute emptiness.

Miscellaneous

Adherents to Jainism also use the phrase the atman to refer to 'the self'. Often atman is mistaken as being interchangeable with the word jiva with the difference being somewhat subtle. Whereas atman refers to the self, jiva refers to the living being, the exact comprehension of which varies throughout the philosophical schools.

Ver também

References

Ātman (Hinduism) - Wikipedia - retirado dia 27/set/2010 às 10:35

@@ Linha 1: / Linha 1: @@
-{{Hinduism}}
+O '''Ātman''' ou '''Atma''' (IAST: Ātman, sanscrito: आत्मन्) é um termo filosófico ("O mais elevado príncipio humano,sem forma,o indivisível") utlizado no [[Hinduismo]], especialmente na escola [[Vedanta]], para identificar a [[alma]], seja no sentido global (''a alma do mundo'') ou  individual (alma de uma pessoa). É o verdadeiro eu do indivíduo (por isso é geralmente traduzido para o inglês como 'Self' - "si") além da identificação com a realidade fenomenal da existência mundana.
-The '''Ātman''' ([[IAST]]: Ātman, [[sanskrit]]: आत्मन्) is a philosophical term used within [[Hinduism]], especially in the [[Vedanta]] school to identify the [[soul]] whether in global sense (''world's soul'') or in individual sense (of a person own soul). It is one's true self (hence generally translated into English as 'Self') beyond identification with the phenomenal reality of worldly existence.
-==Etymology==
+==Etimologia==
-The word ātman is connected with the [[Indo-European]] root *ēt-men (breath) and is cognate with [[Old English]] "æþm", Greek "asthma", [[German language|German]] "Atem": "atmen" (to breathe)<ref>[http://www.yourdictionary.com/atman atman - definition of atman at YourDictionary<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>The Spanish word "alma" (soul) is not related to "ātman". It is derived from Latin "anima" (breath,soul), which is cognate to Sanskrit "ánilaḥ" (wind). Although "ánilaḥ" and "ātman" have similar meaning, they are not etymologically related.</ref>
+A palavra ātman é conectada com a raiz indo-europeia *ēt-men (sopro, respiração) e cognata ao inglês antigo "æþm", ao grego "asthma", e ao alemão "Atem": "atmen" (respirar).
 ==Schools of thought==
 ===Vedanta===
-Philosophical schools such as [[Advaita]] (monism) see the soul within each living entity as being fully identical with [[Brahman]] - the all-pervading soul of the [[universe]], whereas other schools such as [[Dvaita]] (dualism) differentiate between the individual atma in living beings, and the Supreme atma ([[Paramatma]]) as being at least partially separate beings.<ref>[[Bhagavata Purana]]   [http://vedabase.net/sb/3/28/41/en 3.28.41]</ref> Thus ''atman'' refers to the individual soul or the observer being.<ref>[http://srimadbhagavatam.com/7/7/19-20/en1 Bhagavata Purana 7.7.19-20] ""Atma" also refers to the Supreme Lord or the living entities. Both of them are spiritual."</ref>
+Escolas filosófica como a [[Advaita]] (monismo) vêem a alma em cada entidade viva como sendo completamente idêntica com [[Brahman]] - a alma que permeia tudo no universo, onde outras escolas como a [[Dvaita]] (dualismo) diferenciam entre o atma individual em seres vivos, e o Supremo Atma  ([[Paramatma]]) como sendo pelo menos parcialmente coisas distintas. Assim, ''atman'' se refere à alma individual ou ao ente do observador.
-Within Advaita Vedanta philosophy the Atman is the universal life-principle, the animator of all [[organism]]s, and the world-soul. This view is of a sort of [[panentheism]] (not [[pantheism]]) and thus is sometimes not equated with the single [[Creator god|creator]] [[God]] of [[monotheism]]. Identification of individual living beings/souls, or jiva-atmas, with the 'One Atman' is the monistic [[Advaita Vedanta]] position, which is critiqued by dualistic/theistic [[Dvaita Vedanta]]. Dvaita Vedanta calls the all-pervading aspect of Brahman ''[[Paramatman]]'' quantitatively different from individual Atman and claims reality for both a God functioning as the ultimate metaphorical "soul" of the universe, and for actual individual "souls" as such. The Dvaita, dualist schools, therefore, in contrast to Advaita, advocate an exclusive monotheistic position wherein [[Brahman]] is made synonymous with [[Vishnu]]. Aspects of both philosophies are found within the schools of [[Vishishtadvaita Vedanta]] and [[Achintya Bheda Abheda]].
+Na filosofia Advaita Vedanta o Atman é o princípio-vital universal, o animador de todos os organismos, a alma vital. Esta visão é semelhante a do penenteísmo (não confundir com panteísmo) e desta forma as vezes não é equiparada a um único deus criador do monoteísmo. A identificação do das almas/entes vivos individuais, ou jiva-atmas, com o 'Atman Uno' é a posição monística do [[Advaita Vedanta]], que é criticada pelo [[Dvaita Vedanta]] dualístico/teístico. Dvaita Vedanta calls the all-pervading aspect of Brahman ''[[Paramatman]]'' quantitatively different from individual Atman and claims reality for both a God functioning as the ultimate metaphorical "soul" of the universe, and for actual individual "souls" as such. The Dvaita, dualist schools, therefore, in contrast to Advaita, advocate an exclusive monotheistic position wherein [[Brahman]] is made synonymous with [[Vishnu]]. Aspects of both philosophies are found within the schools of [[Vishishtadvaita Vedanta]] and [[Achintya Bheda Abheda]].
-In some instances both Advaita and Dvaita schools may accommodate the others's belief as a lower form of worship or practice towards the same ultimate goal.<ref>[http://bhagavadgitaasitis.com/12/3-4/en1 Bhagavad Gita 12.3-4] "But those who fully worship the unmanifested, that which lies beyond the perception of the senses, the all-pervading, inconceivable, unchanging, fixed and immovable -- the impersonal conception of the Absolute Truth -- by controlling the various senses and being equally disposed to everyone, such persons, engaged in the welfare of all, at last achieve Me."</ref>
+In some instances both Advaita and Dvaita schools may accommodate the others's belief as a lower form of worship or practice towards the same ultimate goal.
 ===Yoga===
-In the view of the [[Yoga]] school, the highest attainment does not reveal the experienced diversity of the world to be [[Maya (illusion)|illusion]]. The everyday world is real. Furthermore, the highest attainment is the event of one of many individual [[Atman (Hinduism)|selves]] discovering itself; there is no single universal self shared by all persons.<ref>Stephen H. Phillips, ''Classical Indian Metaphysics: Refutations of Realism and the Emergence of "new Logic".'' Open Court Publishing, 1995, pages 12-13.</ref> <!-- relevant? -->
+In the view of the [[Yoga]] school, the highest attainment does not reveal the experienced diversity of the world to be [[Maya (illusion)|illusion]]. The everyday world is real. Furthermore, the highest attainment is the event of one of many individual [[Atman (Hinduism)|selves]] discovering itself; there is no single universal self shared by all persons.
 ==Development==
-The pre-Buddhist Upanishads link the Self to the feeling "I am."<ref name="Peter Harvey 1995, page 34">Peter Harvey, ''The Selfless Mind.'' Curzon Press, 1995, page 34.</ref> Among the religious thinkers of the time, and in common usage, the concept "self" entails the notion of "I am". However, following the Buddha, later Upanishads like the [[Maitri Upanishad]] write instead that only the defiled individual self, rather than the universal self, thinks "this is I" or "this is mine",<ref name="Peter Harvey 1995, page 34"/> and the even later [[Mandukya Upanishad]], which was written with heavy Buddhist influence, defines the highest state to be absolute emptiness.<ref>Hajime Nakamura, Trevor Leggett, ''A history of early Vedānta philosophy, Part 2''. Reprint by Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 2004 page 285.</ref>
+The pre-Buddhist Upanishads link the Self to the feeling "I am." Among the religious thinkers of the time, and in common usage, the concept "self" entails the notion of "I am". However, following the Buddha, later Upanishads like the [[Maitri Upanishad]] write instead that only the defiled individual self, rather than the universal self, thinks "this is I" or "this is mine", and the even later [[Mandukya Upanishad]], which was written with heavy Buddhist influence, defines the highest state to be absolute emptiness.
-{{seealso|Buddhism and Hinduism#Atman}}
 ==Miscellaneous==
@@ Linha 26: / Linha 23: @@
 ==Ver também==
 *[[Atman (Budismo)]]
-*[[Karma]]]
+*[[Karma]]
 *[[Yoga]]
-*[[Tree of Jiva and Atman]]
 ==References==