https://www.ocultura.org.br/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Credo_Niceno-ConstantinopolitanoCredo Niceno-Constantinopolitano - Histórico de revisão2026-05-26T12:00:54ZHistórico de revisões para esta página neste wikiMediaWiki 1.39.6https://www.ocultura.org.br/index.php?title=Credo_Niceno-Constantinopolitano&diff=4332&oldid=prevFrater abo em 22h20min de 4 de janeiro de 20072007-01-04T22:20:00Z<p></p>
<p><b>Página nova</b></p><div>O '''Credo Niceno-Constantinopolitano''', ou o '''Ícone/Símbolo da Fé''', é uma declaração de fé [[cristianismo|cristã]] que é aceite pela [[Igreja Católica Romana]], pela [[Igreja Ortodoxa]] Oriental, pela [[Igreja Anglicana]] e pelas principais igrejas [[protestantismo|protestantes]]. O nome está relacionado com o [[Primeiro Concílio de Niceia]] ([[325]]), no qual foi adoptado, e com o [[Primeiro Concílio de Constantinopla]] ([[381]]), onde foi aceite uma versão revista. Por esse motivo, ele pode ser referido especificamente como o '''Credo Niceno-Constantinopolitano''' para o distinguir tanto da versão de 325 como de versões posteriores que incluem a [[cláusula filioque|cláusula ''filioque'']]. Houve vários outros ''credos'' elaborados em reacção a doutrinas que apareceram posteriormente como [[heresia]]s, mas este, na sua revisão de [[381]], foi o último em que as comunhões [[Catolicismo|católica]] e [[Ortodoxia|ortodoxa]] conseguiram concordar em todos os pontos.<br />
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'''Dos primeiros concílios de Niceia e Constantinopla, temos o seguinte texto:'''<br />
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:''Cremos em um só Deus, Pai todo-poderoso, criador do céu e da terra, de todas as coisas visíveis e invisíveis.''<br />
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:''Cremos em um só Senhor, Jesus Cristo, Filho Unigénito de Deus, gerado do Pai desde toda a eternidade, Deus de Deus, Luz da Luz, Deus verdadeiro de Deus verdadeiro, gerado, não criado, consubstancial ao Pai; por Ele todas as coisas foram feitas. Por nós e para nossa salvação, desceu dos céus; encarnou por obra do Espírito Santo, no seio da Virgem Maria, e fez-se verdadeiro homem. Por nós foi crucificado sob Pôncio Pilatos; sofreu a morte e foi sepultado. Ressuscitou ao terceiro dia, conforme as Escrituras; subiu aos céus, e está sentado à direita do Pai. De novo há-de vir em glória, para julgar os vivos e os mortos; e o seu reino não terá fim.<br />
''<br />
:''Cremos no Espírito Santo, o Senhor, a fonte da vida que procede do Pai; com o Pai e o Filho é adorado e glorificado. Ele falou pelos profetas.''<br />
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:''Cremos na Igreja una, santa, católica e apostólica. Professamos um só baptismo para remissão dos pecados. Esperamos a ressurreição dos mortos, e a vida do mundo que há-de vir. Ámen.''<br />
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'''O texto aprovado pela [http://www.ecclesia.pt/cep/ Conferência Episcopal Portuguesa] é o seguinte:'''<br />
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:''Creio em um só Deus, Pai todo-poderoso,''<br />
:''Criador do Céu e da Terra,''<br />
:''De todas as coisas visíveis e invisíveis.''<br />
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:''Creio em um só Senhor, Jesus Cristo,''<br />
:''Filho Unigénito de Deus,''<br />
:''nascido do Pai antes de todos os séculos:''<br />
:''Deus de Deus, luz da luz,''<br />
:''Deus verdadeiro de Deus verdadeiro;''<br />
:''gerado, não criado, consubstancial ao Pai.''<br />
:''Por Ele todas as coisas foram feitas.''<br />
:''E por nós, homens, e para nossa salvação''<br />
:''desceu dos Céus.''<br />
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:''E encarnou pelo Espírito Santo,''<br />
:''no seio da Virgem Maria.''<br />
:''e se fez homem.''<br />
:''Também por nós foi crucificado sob Pôncio Pilatos;''<br />
:''padeceu e foi sepultado.''<br />
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:''Ressuscitou ao terceiro dia,''<br />
:''conforme as Escrituras;''<br />
:''e subiu aos Céus, onde está sentado à direita do Pai.''<br />
:''De novo há-de vir em sua glória''<br />
:''para julgar os vivos e os mortos;''<br />
:''e o seu Reino não terá fim.''<br />
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:''Creio no Espírito Santo, Senhor que dá a vida,''<br />
:''e procede do Pai e do Filho;''<br />
:''e com o Pai e o Filho''<br />
:''é adorado e glorificado:''<br />
:''Ele que falou pelos Profetas.''<br />
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:''Creio na Igreja una, santa, católica e apostólica.''<br />
:''Professo um só baptismo para a remissão dos pecados.''<br />
:''E espero a ressurreição dos mortos''<br />
:''e vida do mundo que há-de vir. Amen.''<br />
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'''Temos também outra composição desse mesmo credo:'''<br />
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:"Cremos em um só Deus, Pai Todo-Poderoso, <br />
:criador de todas as coisas, visíveis e invisíveis.<br />
:E em um só Senhor [[Jesus Cristo]], <br />
:o [[Filho]] de Deus, <br />
:unigênito do Pai, <br />
:da substância do Pai; <br />
:Deus de Deus, <br />
:Luz de Luz, <br />
:Deus verdadeiro de Deus verdadeiro, <br />
:gerado, não criado, <br />
:consubstancial ao Pai; <br />
:por quem foram criadas todas as coisas que estão no céu ou na terra. <br />
:O qual por nós homens e para nossa salvação, desceu (do céu), <br />
:se encarnou e se fez homem. <br />
:Padeceu e ao terceiro dia ressuscitou e subiu ao céu. <br />
:Ele virá novamente para julgar os vivos e os mortos. <br />
:E (cremos) no [[Espírito Santo]]. <br />
:E quem quer que diga que houve um tempo em que o Filho de Deus não existia,<br />
:ou que antes que fosse gerado ele não existia, <br />
:ou que ele foi criado daquilo que não existia,<br />
:ou que ele é de uma substância ou essência diferente (do [[Pai]]), <br />
:ou que ele é uma criatura, <br />
:ou sujeito à mudança ou transformação, <br />
:todos os que falem assim, são anatemizados pela [[Igreja Católica]] e Apostólica."<br />
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(''Esta composição do credo pode ser encontrada nas atas dos Concílios Ecumênicos de [[Concílio de Éfeso|Éfeso]] e [[Concílio de Calcedónia|Calcedônia]]; na Carta de [[Eusébio de Cesareia]] à sua própria igreja; na Carta de [[Santo Atanásio]] ao Imperador [[Joviniano]]; nas Histórias Eclesiásticas de [[Teodoreto]] e Sócrates, podem existir variações devidas à tradução.'')<br />
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===Ver também:===<br />
*[[Credo]]<br />
*[[Santíssima Trindade]]<br />
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<!--<br />
==Historical purpose== <br />
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The purpose of a Christian creed was to establish conformity of belief, uniquely essential for Christians, and by public professions of the faith, to identify heretics or any disconformity within each community. The Creed is an [[epitome]], not a full definition, of what is required for personal orthodoxy. It was hoped that by memorizing this summary of the faith, lay people without extensive theological training would still be able to recognize deviations from orthodox Christianity. Like any public confession of orthodoxy, the Creed is a form of cultural [[coercion]] that enforces uniformity. <br />
<br />
The Nicene Creed, both in its original and revised formulas, is an implicit condemnation of specific alleged errors. Thus, as different variations in Christian belief evolved in the 4th century and were perceived as threats, new phrases were seen to be needed, like amendments to a constitution. Just as one can perceive the historical developments of a constitutional society through amendments to its constitution, a careful and knowledgeable reader can identify the particular theological developments in the other kind of society that enforces a creed.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
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The Nicene Creed was first adopted at the first [[Ecumenical Council]] in [[325]], which was also the [[First Council of Nicaea]]. At that time, the text ended after the words "We believe in the Holy Spirit." The [[second Ecumenical Council]] in [[381]] added the remainder of the text except for the words "and the son"; this is the version still used by [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Eastern Orthodox]] and [[Greek Catholic]] churches today. The [[third Ecumenical Council]] reaffirmed the 381 version, and stated that no further changes could be made to it, nor could other creeds be adopted. <br />
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Soon after the Council of Nicaea, new formulas of faith were composed, most of them variations of the Nicene Symbol, to counter new phases of [[Arianism]]. The ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' identifies at least four before the Council of Sardica (341), where a new form was presented and inserted in the Acts of the Council, though it was not agreed on.<br />
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In the texts below, the amended sections, adopted in 381, have been identified ''thus'' in order to give them prominence. In the section that follows the texts, each amendment will be discussed in context.<br />
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==Greek version==<br />
The original creed was written in [[Greek language|Greek]], the language of the eastern Mediterranean where both councils were seated. The most accepted Greek text from [[325]] is plural, beginning with ''&#928;&#953;&#963;&#964;&#949;&#8059;&#959;&#956;&#949;&#957;''. The most generally accepted Greek text from [[381]] is in the singular, beginning with ''&#928;&#953;&#963;&#964;&#949;&#973;&#969;''. Therefore, the revision from "we believe" to "I believe" may have been intentional on the part of the [[second Ecumenical Council]].<br />
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In addition, the Nicene version ended with an anathema that was deleted in the Nicene-Constantinopolitan version:<br />
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{|<br />
|-<br />
|&#932;&#959;&#8058;&#962; &#948;&#8050; &#955;&#8051;&#947;&#959;&#957;&#964;&#945;&#962;, &#8005;&#964;&#953; &#7974;&#957; &#960;&#959;&#964;&#949; &#8005;&#964;&#949; &#959;&#8016;&#954; &#7974;&#957;, &#954;&#945;&#8054; &#960;&#961;&#8054;&#957; &#947;&#949;&#957;&#957;&#951;&#952;&#8134;&#957;&#945;&#953; &#959;&#8016;&#954; &#7974;&#957;, &#954;&#945;&#8054; &#8005;&#964;&#953; &#7952;&#958; &#959;&#8016;&#954; &#8004;&#957;&#964;&#969;&#957; &#7952;&#947;&#8051;&#957;&#949;&#964;&#959;, &#7970; &#7952;&#958; &#7953;&#964;&#8051;&#961;&#945;&#962; &#8017;&#960;&#959;&#963;&#964;&#8049;&#963;&#949;&#969;&#962; &#7970; &#959;&#8016;&#963;&#8055;&#945;&#962; &#966;&#8049;&#963;&#954;&#959;&#957;&#964;&#945;&#962; &#949;&#7990;&#957;&#945;&#953;. &#7970; &#954;&#964;&#953;&#963;&#964;&#8057;&#957;, &#964;&#961;&#949;&#960;&#964;&#8056;&#957; &#7970; &#7936;&#955;&#955;&#959;&#953;&#969;&#964;&#8056;&#957; &#964;&#8056;&#957; &#965;&#7985;&#8056;&#957; &#964;&#959;&#8166; &#952;&#949;&#959;&#8166;, &#964;&#959;&#8059;&#964;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#7936;&#957;&#945;&#952;&#949;&#956;&#945;&#964;&#8055;&#950;&#949;&#953; &#7969; &#954;&#945;&#952;&#959;&#955;&#953;&#954;&#8052; &#954;&#945;&#8054; &#7936;&#960;&#959;&#963;&#964;&#959;&#955;&#953;&#954;&#8052; &#7952;&#954;&#954;&#955;&#951;&#963;&#8055;&#945;.||But those who say: "There was a time when he was not;" and "He was not before he was made;" and "He was made out of nothing," or "He is of another substance" or "essence," or "The Son of God is created," or "changeable," or "alterable"--they are condemned by the holy catholic and apostolic Church.<br />
|}<br />
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Most modern scholarly opinion believes that &#956;&#959;&#957;&#959;&#947;&#949;&#957;&#942; means "only" or "unique" coming from &#956;&#959;&#957;&#959; - "mono" meaning "only" and &#947;&#949;&#957;&#942; coming from &gamma;&epsilon;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf; "genus" meaning kind - "only one of its kind", thus the translation "only Son" in the above modern translation of the creed. One possible mistake at this point is to translate "genus" according to its Latin meaning. In Greek, however, "genos" (&#947;&#941;&#957;&#959;&#962;) may mean offspring, a limited or extended family, a clan, a tribe, a people, a biological entity (e.g. all the birds), or indeed any group of beings sharing a common ancestry. Therefore its meaning can vary from the very narrow to the very broad. A telling example of Greek usage of the word "genos" would be "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, to ''genos'' Bouvier" (i.e. ''née'' Bouvier).<br />
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Older English translations as well as the Latin contain "only-begotten", "unigenitum" on the belief that &#947;&#949;&#957;&#942; comes from the word for &#947;&#949;&#957;&#957;&alpha;&omega; "born". On the other hand [[Old Latin]] manuscripts of the New Testament translate &#956;&#959;&#957;&#959;&#947;&#949;&#957;&#942; as "unicus", "unique". No doubt debate will continue as to the author's intentions both in the New Testament, as well as the separate issue of the intended meaning in the creeds.<br />
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A considerable part of this confusion is due to the similarity of the key Greek verbs "gennao" and "gignomai". <br />
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"&#915;&#949;&#957;&#957;&#940;&#969;" (gennao) means "to give birth" and refers to the male parent. The female equivalent is "&#964;&#943;&#954;&#964;&#969;" (tikto), from which derive the obstetric terms "tokos', labor, and "toketos", delivery, and words such as "Theo-tokos", Mother of God, and the proparoxytone "prot''o''tokos", firstborn, as opposed to the paroxytone "protot''o''kos", primipara. <br />
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&#915;&#943;&#947;&#957;&#959;&#956;&#945;&#953; (gignomai) means "to come into existence". <br />
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The etymological roots of the two verbs are, respectively, "genn-" and "gen-", and therefore the derivatives of these two verbs exhibit significant auditory and semantic overlap. <br />
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Auditorily speaking, while the ancient Greeks pronounced double consonants differently from single ones (example: the double N was pronounced as in the English word "unknown"), by Roman times this had become the same as pronunciation of single consonants (example: the double N was then pronounced as in the English word "penny"). <br />
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Semantically speaking, the Greek word for "parent" can derive both from "gennao" (&#947;&#949;&#957;&#957;&#942;&#964;&#969;&#961;, gennetor, strictly applicable only to the male parent) and from "gignomai" (&#947;&#959;&#957;&#949;&#973;&#962;, goneus, which applies to both parents). In ancient and modern Greek usage however, the word "monogenes" invariably refers to a son without other brothers, or a daughter without other sisters, or a child without other siblings. In this context, both "only-begotten" and "only one of its kind" are equally valid translations.<br />
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Furthermore, the word "monogennetos" (a father's only son) and "mon''o''tokos" (a mother's only child) do not exist, while "monot''o''kos" means a female who can only have one offspring at a time. Of course any -tokos derivative would be out of the question in this case, as the Nicene Creed seeks to clarify the parentage of God the Son in relation to God the Father.<br />
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The Greek word &#959;&#956;&#959;&#959;&#973;&#963;&#953;&#959;&#957; indicates in orthodox theology that The Father and the Son are "cosubstantial", "of the same substance" or "of the same essence", because the Son is begotten of the Father&rsquo;s own being (&epsilon;&kappa; &tau;&eta;&sigmaf; &omicron;&upsilon;&sigma;&iota;&alpha;&sigmaf; &tau;&omicron;&upsilon; &pi;&alpha;&tau;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;)<br />
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===Full Greek version===<br />
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&#928;&#953;&#963;&#964;&#949;&#8059;&#959;&#956;&#949;&#957; &#949;&#7984;&#962; &#7957;&#957;&#945; &#920;&#949;&#972;&#957;, &#928;&#945;&#964;&#941;&#961;&#945;, &#928;&#945;&#957;&#964;&#959;&#954;&#961;&#940;&#964;&#959;&#961;&#945;, ''&#960;&#959;&#953;&#951;&#964;&#8052;&#957; &#959;&#8016;&#961;&#945;&#957;&#959;&#8166; &#954;&#945;&#8054; &#947;&#8134;&#962;,'' &#8001;&#961;&#945;&#964;&#8182;&#957; &#964;&#949; &#960;&#940;&#957;&#964;&#969;&#957; &#954;&#945;&#8054; &#7936;&#959;&#961;&#940;&#964;&#969;&#957;.<br />
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&#922;&#945;&#8054; &#949;&#7984;&#962; &#7957;&#957;&#945; &#922;&#973;&#961;&#953;&#959;&#957; &#7992;&#951;&#963;&#959;&#8166;&#957; &#935;&#961;&#953;&#963;&#964;&#972;&#957;, &#964;&#8056;&#957; &#933;&#7985;&#8056;&#957; &#964;&#959;&#8166; &#920;&#949;&#959;&#8166; &#964;&#8056;&#957; &#956;&#959;&#957;&#959;&#947;&#949;&#957;&#8134;, &#964;&#8056;&#957; &#7952;&#954; &#964;&#959;&#8166; &#928;&#945;&#964;&#961;&#8056;&#962; &#947;&#949;&#957;&#957;&#951;&#952;&#941;&#957;&#964;&#945; ''&#960;&#961;&#8056; &#960;&#940;&#957;&#964;&#969;&#957; &#964;&#8182;&#957; &#945;&#7984;&#974;&#957;&#969;&#957;''&#903; &#966;&#8182;&#962; &#7952;&#954; &#966;&#969;&#964;&#972;&#962;, &#920;&#949;&#8056;&#957; &#7936;&#955;&#951;&#952;&#953;&#957;&#8056;&#957; &#7952;&#954; &#920;&#949;&#959;&#8166; &#7936;&#955;&#951;&#952;&#953;&#957;&#959;&#8166;, &#947;&#949;&#957;&#957;&#951;&#952;&#941;&#957;&#964;&#945; &#959;&#8016; &#960;&#959;&#953;&#951;&#952;&#941;&#957;&#964;&#945;, &#8001;&#956;&#959;&#959;&#973;&#963;&#953;&#959;&#957; &#964;&#8183; &#928;&#945;&#964;&#961;&#943;, &#948;&#953;' &#959;&#8023; &#964;&#8048; &#960;&#940;&#957;&#964;&#945; &#7952;&#947;&#941;&#957;&#949;&#964;&#959;.<br />
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&#932;&#8056;&#957; &#948;&#953;' &#7969;&#956;&#8118;&#962; &#964;&#959;&#8058;&#962; &#7936;&#957;&#952;&#961;&#974;&#960;&#959;&#965;&#962; &#954;&#945;&#8054; &#948;&#953;&#8048; &#964;&#8052;&#957; &#7969;&#956;&#949;&#964;&#941;&#961;&#945;&#957; &#963;&#969;&#964;&#951;&#961;&#943;&#945;&#957; &#954;&#945;&#964;&#949;&#955;&#952;&#972;&#957;&#964;&#945; &#7952;&#954; &#964;&#8182;&#957; &#959;&#8016;&#961;&#945;&#957;&#8182;&#957; &#954;&#945;&#8054; &#963;&#945;&#961;&#954;&#969;&#952;&#941;&#957;&#964;&#945; ''&#7952;&#954; &#928;&#957;&#949;&#973;&#956;&#945;&#964;&#959;&#962; &#7945;&#947;&#943;&#959;&#965; &#954;&#945;&#8054; &#924;&#945;&#961;&#943;&#945;&#962; &#964;&#8134;&#962; &#928;&#945;&#961;&#952;&#941;&#957;&#959;&#965;'' &#954;&#945;&#8054; &#7952;&#957;&#945;&#957;&#952;&#961;&#969;&#960;&#942;&#963;&#945;&#957;&#964;&#945;.<br />
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&#931;&#964;&#945;&#965;&#961;&#969;&#952;&#941;&#957;&#964;&#945; &#964;&#949; &#8017;&#960;&#8050;&#961; &#7969;&#956;&#8182;&#957; &#7952;&#960;&#8054; &#928;&#959;&#957;&#964;&#943;&#959;&#965; &#928;&#953;&#955;&#940;&#964;&#959;&#965;, &#954;&#945;&#8054; &#960;&#945;&#952;&#972;&#957;&#964;&#945; &#954;&#945;&#8054; &#964;&#945;&#966;&#941;&#957;&#964;&#945;.<br />
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&#922;&#945;&#8054; &#7936;&#957;&#945;&#963;&#964;&#940;&#957;&#964;&#945; &#964;&#8135; &#964;&#961;&#943;&#964;&#8131; &#7969;&#956;&#941;&#961;&#945; ''&#954;&#945;&#964;&#8048; &#964;&#8048;&#962; &#915;&#961;&#945;&#966;&#940;&#962;.''<br />
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&#922;&#945;&#8054; &#7936;&#957;&#949;&#955;&#952;&#972;&#957;&#964;&#945; &#949;&#7984;&#962; &#964;&#959;&#8058;&#962; &#959;&#8016;&#961;&#945;&#957;&#959;&#8058;&#962; ''&#954;&#945;&#8054; &#954;&#945;&#952;&#949;&#950;&#972;&#956;&#949;&#957;&#959;&#957; &#7952;&#954; &#948;&#949;&#958;&#953;&#8182;&#957; &#964;&#959;&#8166; &#928;&#945;&#964;&#961;&#972;&#962;''.<br />
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&#922;&#945;&#8054; ''&#960;&#940;&#955;&#953;&#957;'' &#7952;&#961;&#967;&#972;&#956;&#949;&#957;&#959;&#957; ''&#956;&#949;&#964;&#8048; &#948;&#972;&#958;&#951;&#962; &#954;&#961;&#8150;&#957;&#945;&#953;'' &#950;&#8182;&#957;&#964;&#945;&#962; &#954;&#945;&#8054; &#957;&#949;&#954;&#961;&#959;&#973;&#962;, ''&#959;&#8023; &#964;&#8134;&#962; &#946;&#945;&#963;&#953;&#955;&#949;&#943;&#945;&#962; &#959;&#8016;&#954; &#7956;&#963;&#964;&#945;&#953; &#964;&#941;&#955;&#959;&#962;.''<br />
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&#922;&#945;&#8054; &#949;&#7984;&#962; &#964;&#8056; &#928;&#957;&#949;&#8166;&#956;&#945; &#964;&#8056; &#7949;&#947;&#953;&#959;&#957;, &#964;&#8056; &#954;&#973;&#961;&#953;&#959;&#957;, &#964;&#8056; &#950;&#969;&#959;&#960;&#959;&#953;&#972;&#957;, &#964;&#8056; &#7952;&#954; &#964;&#959;&#8166; &#928;&#945;&#964;&#961;&#8056;&#962; &#7952;&#954;&#960;&#959;&#961;&#949;&#965;&#972;&#956;&#949;&#957;&#959;&#957;, &#964;&#8056; &#963;&#8058;&#957; &#928;&#945;&#964;&#961;&#8054; &#954;&#945;&#8054; &#933;&#7985;&#8183; &#963;&#965;&#956;&#960;&#961;&#959;&#963;&#954;&#965;&#957;&#959;&#973;&#956;&#949;&#957;&#959;&#957; &#954;&#945;&#8054; &#963;&#965;&#957;&#948;&#959;&#958;&#945;&#950;&#972;&#956;&#949;&#957;&#959;&#957;, &#964;&#8056; &#955;&#945;&#955;&#8134;&#963;&#945;&#957; &#948;&#953;&#8048; &#964;&#8182;&#957; &#960;&#961;&#959;&#966;&#951;&#964;&#8182;&#957;.<br />
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&#917;&#7984;&#962; &#956;&#943;&#945;&#957;, &#7945;&#947;&#943;&#945;&#957;, &#922;&#945;&#952;&#959;&#955;&#953;&#954;&#8052;&#957; &#954;&#945;&#8054; &#7944;&#960;&#959;&#963;&#964;&#959;&#955;&#953;&#954;&#8052;&#957; &#7960;&#954;&#954;&#955;&#951;&#963;&#943;&#945;&#957;.<br />
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&#8009;&#956;&#959;&#955;&#959;&#947;&#8182; &#7955;&#957; &#946;&#940;&#960;&#964;&#953;&#963;&#956;&#945; &#949;&#7984;&#962; &#7940;&#966;&#949;&#963;&#953;&#957; &#7937;&#956;&#945;&#961;&#964;&#953;&#8182;&#957;.<br />
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&#928;&#961;&#959;&#963;&#948;&#959;&#954;&#8182; &#7936;&#957;&#940;&#963;&#964;&#945;&#963;&#953;&#957; &#957;&#949;&#954;&#961;&#8182;&#957;.<br />
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&#922;&#945;&#8054; &#950;&#969;&#8052;&#957; &#964;&#959;&#8166; &#956;&#941;&#955;&#955;&#959;&#957;&#964;&#959;&#962; &#945;&#7984;&#8182;&#957;&#959;&#962;.<br />
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&#7944;&#956;&#942;&#957;.<br />
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==Latin version==<br />
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''Credo in unum Deum, Patrem omnipotentem, factorem caeli et terrae, visibilium omnium et invisibilium.''<br />
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''Et in unum Dominum Iesum Christum, Filium Dei unigenitum, et ex Patre natum ante omnia saecula. Deum de Deo, Lumen de Lumine, Deum verum de Deo vero, genitum non factum, consubstantialem Patri; per quem omnia facta sunt. Qui propter nos homines et propter nostram salutem descendit de caelis. Et incarnatus est de Spiritu Sancto ex Maria Virgine, et homo factus est. Crucifixus etiam pro nobis sub Pontio Pilato, passus et sepultus est, et resurrexit tertia die, secundum Scripturas, et ascendit in caelum, sedet ad dexteram Patris. Et iterum venturus est cum gloria, iudicare vivos et mortuos, cuius regni non erit finis.'' <br />
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''Et in Spiritum Sanctum, Dominum et vivificantem, qui ex Patre [[Filioque clause|''(Filioque)'']] procedit. Qui cum Patre et Filio simul adoratur et conglorificatur: qui locutus est per prophetas. Et unam, sanctam, catholicam et apostolicam Ecclesiam. Confiteor unum baptisma in remissionem peccatorum. Et expecto resurrectionem mortuorum, et vitam venturi saeculi.'' Amen.<br />
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==Traditional English versions==<br />
<br />
{|<br />
|-<br />
|More recent version||More traditional[http://www.myriobiblos.gr/texts/english/prayerbook/liturgy.htm#14]<br><br />
|-<br />
|We believe in one God, the Father, the Almighty,||I believe in one God, Father, All-Sovereign,<br />
|-<br />
|Maker of heaven and earth, of all that is, seen and unseen.||Maker of heaven and earth, and of all things visible and invisible:<br />
|-<br />
|We believe in one Lord, Jesus Christ, the only Son of God,||And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the only-begotten Son of God,<br />
|-<br />
|Eternally begotten from the Father, God from God, Light from Light,||begotten of the Father before all ages; Light from Light,<br />
|-<br />
|True God from true God, begotten, not made, one in being with the Father.||True God from True God; begotten, not made, of one essence with the Father,<br />
|-<br />
|Through him all things were made.||through Whom all things were made:<br />
|-<br />
|For us men and for our salvation he came down from heaven:||Who for us men, and for our salvation, came down from Heaven,<br />
|-<br />
|By the power of the Holy Spirit||and was incarnate by the Holy Spirit<br />
|-<br />
|he was born of the Virgin Mary, and became man.||and the Virgin Mary, and became man:<br />
|-<br />
|For our sake he was crucified under Pontius Pilate;||And was crucified for us under Pontius Pilate,<br />
|-<br />
|He suffered, died, and was buried.||and suffered and was buried:<br />
|-<br />
|On the third day he rose again in accordance with the Scriptures;||And He rose on the third day according to the Scriptures:<br />
|-<br />
|He ascended into heaven and is seated at the right hand of the Father.||And ascended into Heaven, and sits at the right hand of the Father:<br />
|-<br />
|He will come again in glory to judge the living and the dead,||And He is coming again with glory to judge the living and the dead:<br />
|-<br />
|And his kingdom will have no end.||And His Kingdom will have no end:<br />
|-<br />
|We believe in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the Giver of Life,||And in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the Giver of Life,<br />
|-<br />
|Who proceeds from the Father [[Filioque clause|(''and the Son'')]].||Who proceeds from the Father,<br />
|-<br />
|With the Father and the Son he is worshipped and glorified.||Who with the Father and the Son is equally worshipped and glorified,<br />
|-<br />
|He has spoken through the Prophets.||Who spoke by the Prophets.<br />
|-<br />
|We believe in [[One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church|one holy catholic and apostolic Church]].||In [[One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church|One Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic Church]]<br />
|-<br />
|We acknowledge one baptism for the forgiveness of sins.||I confess one Baptism for the remission of sins.<br />
|-<br />
|We look for the resurrection of the dead,||I look for the Resurrection of the Dead:<br />
|-<br />
|and the life of the world to come. ''Amen.''||And the Life of the Age to come. Amen.<br />
|}<br />
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(Note that the modern version is in the plural like the Nicene version, although it is otherwise the Nicene-Constantinopolitan text, the Church changed it to first-person singular. In the west, this change was reversed, but Eastern and Oriental Orthodox Christians did not make this second change.)<br />
[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11049a.htm]<br />
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==Current translation from English Language Liturgical Commission==<br />
Prepared by the [[English Language Liturgical Commission]], this version is used by many [[Mainline]] denominations in the [[United States|US]] and other English-speaking countries.<br />
<br />
:We believe in one God,<br />
:the Father, the Almighty,<br />
:maker of heaven and earth,<br />
:of all that is, seen and unseen.<br />
<br />
:We believe in one Lord, Jesus Christ,<br />
:the only Son of God,<br />
:eternally begotten of the Father,<br />
:God from God, light from light,<br />
:true God from true God,<br />
:begotten, not made,<br />
:of one Being with the Father;<br />
:through him all things were made.<br />
:For us and for our salvation<br />
:he came down from heaven,<br />
:was incarnate of the Holy Spirit and the Virgin Mary<br />
:and became truly human.<br />
:For our sake he was crucified under Pontius Pilate;<br />
:he suffered death and was buried.<br />
:On the third day he rose again<br />
:in accordance with the Scriptures;<br />
:he ascended into heaven<br />
:and is seated at the right hand of the Father.<br />
:He will come again in glory to judge the living and the dead,<br />
:and his kingdom will have no end.<br />
<br />
:We believe in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the giver of life,<br />
:who proceeds from the Father [and the Son],<br />
:who with the Father and the Son is worshiped and glorified,<br />
:who has spoken through the prophets.<br />
:We believe in one holy catholic and apostolic Church.<br />
:We acknowledge one baptism for the forgiveness of sins.<br />
:We look for the resurrection of the dead,<br />
:and the life of the world to come. Amen.<br />
<br />
==Amendments==<br />
<br />
The original Nicene Creed adopted at the Council of Nicaea in 325 ended just after the words, "We believe in the Holy Spirit..." The section from that point forward was added at the [[Second Ecumenical Council]] in Constantinople in 381; hence the name "Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed", which refers to the Creed as it was following the modification in Constantinople. The [[Third Ecumenical Council]] reaffirmed the creed in this form and explicitly forbade making additional revisions to it.<br />
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==The filioque clause==<br />
<br />
The Roman Catholic church added the words ''"and the Son"'' (the [[filioque clause]]) to the description of the Holy Spirit, in violation of the Canons of the Third Ecumenical Council. Those words were not included by the Council of Nicaea nor of Constantinople, and the Eastern Orthodox churches consider their inclusion to be a [[heresy]]. The [[Anglican Communion]] is generally sympathetic to the Orthodox position, and both versions are authorized, but inertia leads most churches to continue to include the Filioque except during [[ecumenism|ecumenical]] services.<br />
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===Filioque controversy===<br />
<br />
The phrase "and the son" (''filioque'' in Latin) was first used in [[Toledo]], [[Spain]] in [[587]] without the consultation or agreement of the other four [[patriarch]]s of the Church at that time and in direct violation of canons of the Third Ecumenical Council that prohibited unilateral alteration of the Creed by anything short of another Ecumenical Council. The purpose of its addition in Spain was to counter a heresy that was local to that region. The practice spread then to France where it was repudiated at the [[Gentilly Council]] in [[767]]. Emperor [[Charlemagne]] called for a council at [[Aix-la-Chapelle]] in [[809]] at which [[Pope Leo III]] forbade the use of the filioque clause and ordered that the Nicene creed be engraved on silver tablets so that his conclusion may not be overturned in the future. The dispute over the [[filioque clause]] and the manner of its adoption was one of the reasons for the [[East-West Schism|Great Schism]]. The filioque clause was officially added to the Roman Catholic version of the creed by the [[Second Council of Lyons]] in 1274 although it was first used in liturgy during the coronation of Holy Roman Emperor Henry II by [[Pope Benedict VIII]] in [[1014]].<br />
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==Modern gender-neutrality==<br />
<br />
Some Christian communions, in particular the [[World Council of Churches]] and the Presbyterian Church, USA, omit the word "men", and others substitute the word "all" (or delete the word "men"), in the line "for us men and for our salvation..." This is considered a more gender-neutral translation of ''nos homines'' ("we men"). The frequency of usage of this variation is, however, unknown. "Homo" in Latin, however, means "human being" more than "man" -- Latin "vir" means "man." However, later in Latin this changed, with "homo" meaning "man." Interestingly enough, the same is true of English. In Old English, "man" meant "human being," with "wer-man" and 'wîf-man" meaning "man" and "woman" respectively. Old English "wer" is directly cognate with Latin "vir." Thus, modern gender neutrality here may be more historically and etymologically correct, interestingly enough.<br />
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==Modern usage==<br />
<br />
To the majority of modern evangelical Christian scholarship, the Nicene Creed is regarded as a prerequisite for Christian faith, and that the Creed is quintessentially Christian. In this traditional belief, all proper Christians affirm the Nicene Creed, and the Nicene Creed is affirmed by all proper Christians. The Nicene Creed is referred to by Roman Catholics and Orthodox as the "symbol of faith", and its recitation is often part of Christian worship services. In the Catholic [[Mass (Liturgy)|Mass]], it is also referred to as the "Profession of Faith."<br />
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==Controversy of Christian definition==<br />
<br />
Some religious denominations adhere to Christian scripture and identify themselves emphatically as Christians, but reject the Nicene Creed as an error or a misinterpretation, and also reject the more recent [[Lausanne Covenant]] that affirms the Creed. As a result, many other Christians regard these sects as not being Christian at all. Such sects include [[Arianism]], [[Mormonism]], and [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]. However, most non-Christians generally regard these sects as being Christian because of their beliefs in [[Jesus]] and in most or all of the [[New Testament]].<br />
<br />
In modern [[interfaith]] relations, there have been many heated clashes between Nicene and non-Nicene sectarians over the definition of Christianity, and of what constitutes a Christian. In some countries (such as the [[United States]]), this has led to [[litigation]] with charges and counter-charges over this very theological issue, involving allegations as wide-ranging as [[slander]], [[perjury]], [[discrimination]], and [[breach of contract]]. In ancient times, these issues were largely set aside by the annihilation of the contemporary Arianist sect. In modern times, relations between evangelists of Nicene and newer non-Nicene sects are generally cold, and at times outwardly hostile as well.<br />
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==External links==<br />
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* [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/nicea1.txt A more extensive edition and discussion of the text of the council]<br />
* [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/creeds2.iv.i.ii.xml Creeds of Christendom, with a History and Critical notes. (history)]<br />
* [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/creeds1.iv.xml Creeds of Christendom, with a History and Critical notes. (text comparisons)]<br />
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[[Categoria:Textos religiosos]]<br />
[[Categoria:Cristianismo]]</div>Frater abo